The environmental regulation of industry in Lahore, Pakistan

Lahore is a fast-growing city at an early stage of industrialisation, in which polluting industries intermingle with houses. The imperfect regulation of urban expansion results from a mixture of deficiencies. The land-use planning regime suffers from overlap and competition between agencies, the pollution-control regime from inadequate legislation and resources, while both suffer from the lack of cooperation from other agencies. These obstacles are compounded by developers' sense of immunity from the enforcement of controls and industrialists' poor understanding of pollution abatement. The circumstances indicate roles for both systematic and facilitative approaches to regulation and enforcement.