@article{c6b3230807b84644a5c1c5c163d47e35,
title = "The developmental basis of fingerprint pattern formation and variation",
abstract = "Fingerprints are complex and individually unique patterns in the skin. Established prenatally, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that guide fingerprint ridge formation and their intricate arrangements are unknown. Here we show that fingerprint ridges are epithelial structures that undergo a truncated hair follicle developmental program and fail to recruit a mesenchymal condensate. Their spatial pattern is established by a Turing reaction-diffusion system, based on signaling between EDAR, WNT, and antagonistic BMP pathways. These signals resolve epithelial growth into bands of focalized proliferation under a precociously differentiated suprabasal layer. Ridge formation occurs as a set of waves spreading from variable initiation sites defined by the local signaling environments and anatomical intricacies of the digit, with the propagation and meeting of these waves determining the type of pattern that forms. Relying on a dynamic patterning system triggered at spatially distinct sites generates the characteristic types and unending variation of human fingerprint patterns.",
keywords = "Dermatoglyph, Development, Digit, Fingerprint, Hair, Limb, Patterning, Signaling, Skin, Turing",
author = "Glover, {James D.} and Sudderick, {Zoe R.} and Shih, {Barbara Bo-Ju} and Cameron Batho-Samblas and Laura Charlton and Krause, {Andrew L.} and Calum Anderson and Jon Riddell and Adam Balic and Jinxi Li and V{\'a}clav Klika and Woolley, {Thomas E.} and Gaffney, {Eamonn A.} and Andrea Corsinotti and Anderson, {Richard A.} and Johnston, {Luke J.} and Brown, {Sara J.} and Sijia Wang and Yuhang Chen and Crichton, {Michael L.} and Headon, {Denis J.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the Centre for Regenerative Medicine Single-cell Multi-omics service and Flow Cytometry Facility, and the Genetics Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, for single nucleus library production and sequencing. This study was funded by BBSRC awards BB/N008545/1 , BB/T007788/1 , BBS/E/D/10002071 , BB/T008385/1 , and BB/CCG1780/1 ; Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship award to S.J.B. ( 220875/Z/20/Z ); NSFC (32200482); and ERDF-Project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16-019/0000778 . Y.C. and C.A. received funding from an EPSRC Doctoral Training Partnership Scholarship. This work was in part undertaken at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health which is funded by the MRC Centre grant MR/N022556/1 . Funding Information: We thank the Centre for Regenerative Medicine Single-cell Multi-omics service and Flow Cytometry Facility, and the Genetics Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, for single nucleus library production and sequencing. This study was funded by BBSRC awards BB/N008545/1, BB/T007788/1, BBS/E/D/10002071, BB/T008385/1, and BB/CCG1780/1; Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship award to S.J.B. (220875/Z/20/Z); NSFC (32200482); and ERDF-Project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16-019/0000778. Y.C. and C.A. received funding from an EPSRC Doctoral Training Partnership Scholarship. This work was in part undertaken at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health which is funded by the MRC Centre grant MR/N022556/1. Conceptualization: J.D.G. Z.R.S. A.L.K. J.R. A.B. J.L. V.K. T.E.W. E.A.G. S.W. M.L.C. D.J.H. Methodology and resources: J.D.G. Z.R.S. B.B.-J.S. L.C. A.L.K. C.A. V.K. T.E.W. E.A.G. R.A.A. L.J.J. S.J.B. Y.C. M.L.C. D.J.H. Analysis and investigation: J.D.G. Z.R.S. B.B.-J.S. C.B.-S. L.C. C.A. J.R. A.C. L.J.J. Y.C. M.L.C. D.J.H. Writing – Original Draft: J.D.G. Z.R.S. A.L.K. V.K. T.E.W. E.A.G. Y.C. M.L.C. D.J.H. All authors contributed to manuscript review and editing. The authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Author(s)",
year = "2023",
month = mar,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.015",
language = "English",
volume = "186",
pages = "940--956.e20",
journal = "Cell",
issn = "0092-8674",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
number = "5",
}