Strain localization in geomaterials

The main purpose of this paper is a broad review of developments in observation and interpretation of localization in geomaterials in the laboratory, with an emphasis on low mean stress situations. Laboratory investigation of strain localization in granular soils and rocks has been pursued extensively and very accurate strain field evolution measurement techniques have been developed, including false relief stereophotogrammetry (FRS) and computed tomography (CT). These permit full characterization of strain localization, from onset to complete shear band formation. This paper reviews studies of sand, clay, sandstone, stiff marl and concrete, and observations of incipient and developed localization in initially 'homogeneous' laboratory tests are presented. Development of localization and peak strength, critical stress and strain, shear band orientation and thickness, and complex localization patterns are discussed. Deformation during triaxial compression of sand is shown to develop complex strain localization patterns. Consequently, the critical void ratio concept in granular materials is reconsidered. Void ratio evolution, global and local, monitored by CT, shows a limiting void ratio being rapidly attained in the strain localization zones. In cohesive materials (clays, rocks and concrete), crack development is also commonly observed. Displacement discontinuity measurement techniques are presented and the results for different cohesive geomaterials are discussed. © The Geological Society of London 2007.