Spread of invasive species into Scotland

Helen Roy; Laurence Carvalho; Colin Harrower; Stephanie Rourke; Siobhan Edney; Richard Broughton; Wayne Dawson; Iain Gunn; Jodey Peyton; Karsten Schonrogge; Elizabeth Cottier-Cook; Hugh Evans; Fiona Highet; Lucy Gilbert; Marc Kenis; Craig Mcadam; Chris Malumphy; Jolyon M. Medlock; Archie Murchie; Alain Roque; Ben Rowson; Andrew Salisbury; Richard Shaw; Alan Stewart; Graham Stone; Allan Watt; Ashley Whiffen; Martin Willing; Tim Adriaens; Ian Bainbridge; Roo Campbell; Steve Campbell; Aileen Mill; David Noble; Graham Smith; Stan Whitaker; David Aldridge; Colin Bean; Mike Dobson; Jennifer Dodd; Jo Long; Ewan Lawrie; Zarah Pattison; Tracey Begg; Rebecca Giesler; Jenni Kakkonen; Iveta Matejusova; Dan Minchin; Joanne Porter; Simon Taylor; Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz; David Knott; Iain McDonald; Jim McIntosh; Robin Payne; Trevor Renals; Sarah Smyth; Mark Spencer

Spread of invasive species into Scotland

Helen Roy^*, Laurence Carvalho, Colin Harrower, Stephanie Rourke, Siobhan Edney, Richard Broughton, Wayne Dawson, Iain Gunn, Jodey Peyton, Karsten Schonrogge, Elizabeth Cottier-Cook, Hugh Evans, Fiona Highet, Lucy Gilbert, Marc Kenis, Craig Mcadam, Chris Malumphy, Jolyon M. Medlock, Archie Murchie, Alain RoqueBen Rowson, Andrew Salisbury, Richard Shaw, Alan Stewart, Graham Stone, Allan Watt, Ashley Whiffen, Martin Willing, Tim Adriaens, Ian Bainbridge, Roo Campbell, Steve Campbell, Aileen Mill, David Noble, Graham Smith, Stan Whitaker, David Aldridge, Colin Bean, Mike Dobson, Jennifer Dodd, Jo Long, Ewan Lawrie, Zarah Pattison, Tracey Begg, Rebecca Giesler, Jenni Kakkonen, Iveta Matejusova, Dan Minchin, Joanne Porter, Simon Taylor, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, David Knott, Iain McDonald, Jim McIntosh, Robin Payne, Trevor Renals, Sarah Smyth, Mark Spencer

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

The number of invasive non-native species arriving in Scotland is increasing year on year.

Horizon scanning, to make predictions about the next potential invasive non-native species that could arrive, establish and impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, can inform strategy and action to reduce the threat of biological invasions.

Pathway analysis was used to rank the pathways of introduction of non-native species introduced into Scotland since 1950 and likely pathways of introduction for non-native species into Scotland in the next ten years.

Overall, 52 experts contributed to a horizon scanning study which assessed hundreds of potential species spanning freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments.

The scope of the study was to consider invasive non-native species that were currently absent in Scotland but that have the highest likelihood of arrival, establishment and the magnitude of their potential negative impact on biodiversity and ecosystems over the next 10 years. Preliminary lists, without impact scores, for invasive non-native species that could have a potential negative impact on the economy and human health were also reviewed.

Thirty invasive non-native species were agreed to have a high risk of arriving, establishing and impacting biodiversity and ecosystems in the next 10 years. From this a priority list of 10 invasive non-native species was extracted. Awareness raising was seen as critical, and likely to be effective, in preventing the arrival and spread of these top 10 invasive non-native species.

Five freshwater species were reported in the top 10 list of species: three molluscs (Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)) and two submerged plant species (floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) and parrot’s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)). Freshwater environments are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable habitats to biological invasions and freshwater biodiversity is culturally and economically important in Scotland. One marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata was also listed in the top 10 invasive non-native species.

The remaining five invasive non-native species within the top 10 comprised two terrestrial plants, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and hybrids) and pheasant’s tail grass (Anemanthele lessoniana), two vertebrates (Reeve’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) and flatworms (four species grouped together for communication purposes(Australoplana sanguinea, Caenoplana variegata, Kontikia andersoni and Obama nungara).

The most important pathways of arrival and spread associated with the long list of 171 invasive non-native species and 1096 established non-native species in Scotland are the horticultural and ornamental pathways. The pet pathway is important for introducing species on the horizon scanning long list but was not ranked as high for established non-native species. Pathways in the contaminant category have historically been important in introducing non-native species and this is likely to continue to be the case. Furthermore, the natural dispersal of species from an existing invaded range into Scotland is considered an important pathway of arrival.

The results from this horizon scanning study coupled with the pathway analysis provide detailed information to prioritise actions to prevent the establishment of new invasive non-native species in Scotland, including action plans for priority pathways of introduction and spread.

Original language	English
Publisher	The Scottish Government
Number of pages	64
ISBN (Electronic)	9781835210949
Publication status	Published - Sept 2023

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@book{261165b7e46143608d41235f3e14f3ee,

title = "Spread of invasive species into Scotland",

abstract = "The number of invasive non-native species arriving in Scotland is increasing year on year.Horizon scanning, to make predictions about the next potential invasive non-native species that could arrive, establish and impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, can inform strategy and action to reduce the threat of biological invasions.Pathway analysis was used to rank the pathways of introduction of non-native species introduced into Scotland since 1950 and likely pathways of introduction for non-native species into Scotland in the next ten years.Overall, 52 experts contributed to a horizon scanning study which assessed hundreds of potential species spanning freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments.The scope of the study was to consider invasive non-native species that were currently absent in Scotland but that have the highest likelihood of arrival, establishment and the magnitude of their potential negative impact on biodiversity and ecosystems over the next 10 years. Preliminary lists, without impact scores, for invasive non-native species that could have a potential negative impact on the economy and human health were also reviewed.Thirty invasive non-native species were agreed to have a high risk of arriving, establishing and impacting biodiversity and ecosystems in the next 10 years. From this a priority list of 10 invasive non-native species was extracted. Awareness raising was seen as critical, and likely to be effective, in preventing the arrival and spread of these top 10 invasive non-native species.Five freshwater species were reported in the top 10 list of species: three molluscs (Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)) and two submerged plant species (floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) and parrot{\textquoteright}s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)). Freshwater environments are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable habitats to biological invasions and freshwater biodiversity is culturally and economically important in Scotland. One marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata was also listed in the top 10 invasive non-native species.The remaining five invasive non-native species within the top 10 comprised two terrestrial plants, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and hybrids) and pheasant{\textquoteright}s tail grass (Anemanthele lessoniana), two vertebrates (Reeve{\textquoteright}s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) and flatworms (four species grouped together for communication purposes(Australoplana sanguinea, Caenoplana variegata, Kontikia andersoni and Obama nungara).The most important pathways of arrival and spread associated with the long list of 171 invasive non-native species and 1096 established non-native species in Scotland are the horticultural and ornamental pathways. The pet pathway is important for introducing species on the horizon scanning long list but was not ranked as high for established non-native species. Pathways in the contaminant category have historically been important in introducing non-native species and this is likely to continue to be the case. Furthermore, the natural dispersal of species from an existing invaded range into Scotland is considered an important pathway of arrival.The results from this horizon scanning study coupled with the pathway analysis provide detailed information to prioritise actions to prevent the establishment of new invasive non-native species in Scotland, including action plans for priority pathways of introduction and spread.",

author = "Helen Roy and Laurence Carvalho and Colin Harrower and Stephanie Rourke and Siobhan Edney and Richard Broughton and Wayne Dawson and Iain Gunn and Jodey Peyton and Karsten Schonrogge and Elizabeth Cottier-Cook and Hugh Evans and Fiona Highet and Lucy Gilbert and Marc Kenis and Craig Mcadam and Chris Malumphy and Medlock, {Jolyon M.} and Archie Murchie and Alain Roque and Ben Rowson and Andrew Salisbury and Richard Shaw and Alan Stewart and Graham Stone and Allan Watt and Ashley Whiffen and Martin Willing and Tim Adriaens and Ian Bainbridge and Roo Campbell and Steve Campbell and Aileen Mill and David Noble and Graham Smith and Stan Whitaker and David Aldridge and Colin Bean and Mike Dobson and Jennifer Dodd and Jo Long and Ewan Lawrie and Zarah Pattison and Tracey Begg and Rebecca Giesler and Jenni Kakkonen and Iveta Matejusova and Dan Minchin and Joanne Porter and Simon Taylor and Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz and David Knott and Iain McDonald and Jim McIntosh and Robin Payne and Trevor Renals and Sarah Smyth and Mark Spencer",

note = "Dear Pure admin team, there are more authors to put on here. I have uploaded a tranche of them but more to be added. Hugh Evans – Forest Research Fiona Highet – Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture Lucy Gilbert – University of Glasgow Marc Kenis – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Switzerland Craig Mcadam – Buglife Chris Malumphy – Food and Environment Research Agency Jolyon M Medlock – Health Protection Agency Archie Murchie – Agri-Food Bioscience Institute Alain Roque – Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Orleans Ben Rowson – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Helen Roy – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Andrew Salisbury – Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley Karsten Sch{\"o}nrogge – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Richard Shaw – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Alan Stewart – University of Sussex Graham Stone – University of Edinburgh Allan Watt – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, fellow Ashley Whiffen – Natural History Museum, Edinburgh Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Tim Adriaens – Research Institute for Nature and Forest Ian Bainbridge – former Scottish Natural Heritage Roo Campbell – Mammal Society/Scottish Wildcat Action Steve Campbell – Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture Aileen Mill – Newcastle University David Noble – British Trust for Ornithology Graham Smith – Animal and Plant Health Agency Stan Whitaker – NatureScot David Aldridge – University of Cambridge Colin Bean – NatureScot Mike Dobson – APEM Ltd Jennifer Dodd – Edinburgh Napier University Laurence Carvalho – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Iain Gunn – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Jo Long – Scottish Environment Protection Agency Ewan Lawrie – NatureScot Craig Macadam – Buglife Zarah Pattison – University of Newcastle Ben Rowson – National Museum of Wales Stan Whitaker – NatureScot Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Tracey Begg – NatureScot Rebecca Giesler – UHI Shetland Jenni Kakkonen – Orkney Islands Council Iveta Matejusova – Marine Scotland Science Dan Minchin – Marine Organisms Investigations Joanne Porter – Heriot Watt University Simon Taylor – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz – University of Coventry David Knott – Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Iain McDonald – NatureScot Jim McIntosh – Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Zarah Pattison – University of Newcastle Robin Payne Trevor Renals – Environment Agency Richard Shaw – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Sarah Smyth – NatureScot Mark Spencer – Freelance ",

year = "2023",

month = sep,

language = "English",

publisher = "The Scottish Government",

}

Roy, H, Carvalho, L, Harrower, C, Rourke, S, Edney, S, Broughton, R, Dawson, W, Gunn, I, Peyton, J, Schonrogge, K, Cottier-Cook, E, Evans, H, Highet, F, Gilbert, L, Kenis, M, Mcadam, C, Malumphy, C, Medlock, JM, Murchie, A, Roque, A, Rowson, B, Salisbury, A, Shaw, R, Stewart, A, Stone, G, Watt, A, Whiffen, A, Willing, M, Adriaens, T, Bainbridge, I, Campbell, R, Campbell, S, Mill, A, Noble, D, Smith, G, Whitaker, S, Aldridge, D, Bean, C, Dobson, M, Dodd, J, Long, J, Lawrie, E, Pattison, Z, Begg, T, Giesler, R, Kakkonen, J, Matejusova, I, Minchin, D, Porter, J, Taylor, S, Dehnen-Schmutz, K, Knott, D, McDonald, I, McIntosh, J, Payne, R, Renals, T, Smyth, S & Spencer, M 2023, Spread of invasive species into Scotland. The Scottish Government.

TY - BOOK

T1 - Spread of invasive species into Scotland

AU - Roy, Helen

AU - Carvalho, Laurence

AU - Harrower, Colin

AU - Rourke, Stephanie

AU - Edney, Siobhan

AU - Broughton, Richard

AU - Dawson, Wayne

AU - Gunn, Iain

AU - Peyton, Jodey

AU - Schonrogge, Karsten

AU - Cottier-Cook, Elizabeth

AU - Evans, Hugh

AU - Highet, Fiona

AU - Gilbert, Lucy

AU - Kenis, Marc

AU - Mcadam, Craig

AU - Malumphy, Chris

AU - Medlock, Jolyon M.

AU - Murchie, Archie

AU - Roque, Alain

AU - Rowson, Ben

AU - Salisbury, Andrew

AU - Shaw, Richard

AU - Stewart, Alan

AU - Stone, Graham

AU - Watt, Allan

AU - Whiffen, Ashley

AU - Willing, Martin

AU - Adriaens, Tim

AU - Bainbridge, Ian

AU - Campbell, Roo

AU - Campbell, Steve

AU - Mill, Aileen

AU - Noble, David

AU - Smith, Graham

AU - Whitaker, Stan

AU - Aldridge, David

AU - Bean, Colin

AU - Dobson, Mike

AU - Dodd, Jennifer

AU - Long, Jo

AU - Lawrie, Ewan

AU - Pattison, Zarah

AU - Begg, Tracey

AU - Giesler, Rebecca

AU - Kakkonen, Jenni

AU - Matejusova, Iveta

AU - Minchin, Dan

AU - Porter, Joanne

AU - Taylor, Simon

AU - Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina

AU - Knott, David

AU - McDonald, Iain

AU - McIntosh, Jim

AU - Payne, Robin

AU - Renals, Trevor

AU - Smyth, Sarah

AU - Spencer, Mark

N1 - Dear Pure admin team, there are more authors to put on here. I have uploaded a tranche of them but more to be added. Hugh Evans – Forest Research Fiona Highet – Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture Lucy Gilbert – University of Glasgow Marc Kenis – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Switzerland Craig Mcadam – Buglife Chris Malumphy – Food and Environment Research Agency Jolyon M Medlock – Health Protection Agency Archie Murchie – Agri-Food Bioscience Institute Alain Roque – Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Orleans Ben Rowson – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Helen Roy – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Andrew Salisbury – Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley Karsten Schönrogge – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Richard Shaw – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Alan Stewart – University of Sussex Graham Stone – University of Edinburgh Allan Watt – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, fellow Ashley Whiffen – Natural History Museum, Edinburgh Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Tim Adriaens – Research Institute for Nature and Forest Ian Bainbridge – former Scottish Natural Heritage Roo Campbell – Mammal Society/Scottish Wildcat Action Steve Campbell – Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture Aileen Mill – Newcastle University David Noble – British Trust for Ornithology Graham Smith – Animal and Plant Health Agency Stan Whitaker – NatureScot David Aldridge – University of Cambridge Colin Bean – NatureScot Mike Dobson – APEM Ltd Jennifer Dodd – Edinburgh Napier University Laurence Carvalho – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Iain Gunn – UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Jo Long – Scottish Environment Protection Agency Ewan Lawrie – NatureScot Craig Macadam – Buglife Zarah Pattison – University of Newcastle Ben Rowson – National Museum of Wales Stan Whitaker – NatureScot Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Tracey Begg – NatureScot Rebecca Giesler – UHI Shetland Jenni Kakkonen – Orkney Islands Council Iveta Matejusova – Marine Scotland Science Dan Minchin – Marine Organisms Investigations Joanne Porter – Heriot Watt University Simon Taylor – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Martin Willing – Conchological Society of Britain and Ireland Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz – University of Coventry David Knott – Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Iain McDonald – NatureScot Jim McIntosh – Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Zarah Pattison – University of Newcastle Robin Payne Trevor Renals – Environment Agency Richard Shaw – Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Sarah Smyth – NatureScot Mark Spencer – Freelance

PY - 2023/9

Y1 - 2023/9

N2 - The number of invasive non-native species arriving in Scotland is increasing year on year.Horizon scanning, to make predictions about the next potential invasive non-native species that could arrive, establish and impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, can inform strategy and action to reduce the threat of biological invasions.Pathway analysis was used to rank the pathways of introduction of non-native species introduced into Scotland since 1950 and likely pathways of introduction for non-native species into Scotland in the next ten years.Overall, 52 experts contributed to a horizon scanning study which assessed hundreds of potential species spanning freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments.The scope of the study was to consider invasive non-native species that were currently absent in Scotland but that have the highest likelihood of arrival, establishment and the magnitude of their potential negative impact on biodiversity and ecosystems over the next 10 years. Preliminary lists, without impact scores, for invasive non-native species that could have a potential negative impact on the economy and human health were also reviewed.Thirty invasive non-native species were agreed to have a high risk of arriving, establishing and impacting biodiversity and ecosystems in the next 10 years. From this a priority list of 10 invasive non-native species was extracted. Awareness raising was seen as critical, and likely to be effective, in preventing the arrival and spread of these top 10 invasive non-native species.Five freshwater species were reported in the top 10 list of species: three molluscs (Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)) and two submerged plant species (floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) and parrot’s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)). Freshwater environments are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable habitats to biological invasions and freshwater biodiversity is culturally and economically important in Scotland. One marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata was also listed in the top 10 invasive non-native species.The remaining five invasive non-native species within the top 10 comprised two terrestrial plants, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and hybrids) and pheasant’s tail grass (Anemanthele lessoniana), two vertebrates (Reeve’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) and flatworms (four species grouped together for communication purposes(Australoplana sanguinea, Caenoplana variegata, Kontikia andersoni and Obama nungara).The most important pathways of arrival and spread associated with the long list of 171 invasive non-native species and 1096 established non-native species in Scotland are the horticultural and ornamental pathways. The pet pathway is important for introducing species on the horizon scanning long list but was not ranked as high for established non-native species. Pathways in the contaminant category have historically been important in introducing non-native species and this is likely to continue to be the case. Furthermore, the natural dispersal of species from an existing invaded range into Scotland is considered an important pathway of arrival.The results from this horizon scanning study coupled with the pathway analysis provide detailed information to prioritise actions to prevent the establishment of new invasive non-native species in Scotland, including action plans for priority pathways of introduction and spread.

AB - The number of invasive non-native species arriving in Scotland is increasing year on year.Horizon scanning, to make predictions about the next potential invasive non-native species that could arrive, establish and impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, can inform strategy and action to reduce the threat of biological invasions.Pathway analysis was used to rank the pathways of introduction of non-native species introduced into Scotland since 1950 and likely pathways of introduction for non-native species into Scotland in the next ten years.Overall, 52 experts contributed to a horizon scanning study which assessed hundreds of potential species spanning freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments.The scope of the study was to consider invasive non-native species that were currently absent in Scotland but that have the highest likelihood of arrival, establishment and the magnitude of their potential negative impact on biodiversity and ecosystems over the next 10 years. Preliminary lists, without impact scores, for invasive non-native species that could have a potential negative impact on the economy and human health were also reviewed.Thirty invasive non-native species were agreed to have a high risk of arriving, establishing and impacting biodiversity and ecosystems in the next 10 years. From this a priority list of 10 invasive non-native species was extracted. Awareness raising was seen as critical, and likely to be effective, in preventing the arrival and spread of these top 10 invasive non-native species.Five freshwater species were reported in the top 10 list of species: three molluscs (Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)) and two submerged plant species (floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) and parrot’s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)). Freshwater environments are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable habitats to biological invasions and freshwater biodiversity is culturally and economically important in Scotland. One marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata was also listed in the top 10 invasive non-native species.The remaining five invasive non-native species within the top 10 comprised two terrestrial plants, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and hybrids) and pheasant’s tail grass (Anemanthele lessoniana), two vertebrates (Reeve’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) and flatworms (four species grouped together for communication purposes(Australoplana sanguinea, Caenoplana variegata, Kontikia andersoni and Obama nungara).The most important pathways of arrival and spread associated with the long list of 171 invasive non-native species and 1096 established non-native species in Scotland are the horticultural and ornamental pathways. The pet pathway is important for introducing species on the horizon scanning long list but was not ranked as high for established non-native species. Pathways in the contaminant category have historically been important in introducing non-native species and this is likely to continue to be the case. Furthermore, the natural dispersal of species from an existing invaded range into Scotland is considered an important pathway of arrival.The results from this horizon scanning study coupled with the pathway analysis provide detailed information to prioritise actions to prevent the establishment of new invasive non-native species in Scotland, including action plans for priority pathways of introduction and spread.

M3 - Commissioned report

BT - Spread of invasive species into Scotland

PB - The Scottish Government

ER -

Spread of invasive species into Scotland

Abstract

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