TY - JOUR
T1 - Sea Spray Aerosol Chamber Study on Selective Transfer and Enrichment of Free and Combined Amino Acids
AU - Triesch, Nadja
AU - van Pinxteren, Manuela
AU - Salter, Matthew
AU - Stolle, Christian
AU - Pereira, Ryan
AU - Zieger, Paul
AU - Herrmann, Hartmut
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Leibniz Association SAW in the project “Marine biological production, organic aerosol particles and marine clouds: a Process Chain (MarParCloud)” (SAW-2016-TROPOS-2) and within the Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) EU project MARSU (69089). It has well been supported through the project MILAN, as an international, multidisciplinary project, initiated and organized by C.S. and Mariana Ribas–Ribas. We highly appreciate the financial support from the European Research Council (ERC) project PASSME to Oliver Wurl (grant no GA336408), the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, and the Senckenberg Institute Wilhelmshaven. We acknowledge the excellent help and assistance from the crew and captain of RV Senckenberg, the working boats Otzum and Zephyr, and the ICBM Wilhelmshaven for hosting and organizational support. R.P. acknowledges support to the BOOGIE project from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant number 949495). M.S. and P.Z. acknowledge the support by the Swedish Research Council (grant nos. 2016-05100 and 2018-05045). The authors also thank Susanne Fuchs and René Rabe for providing additional data and filter samples and all MarParCloud, MARSU, and MILAN project partners for a great cooperation and support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/6/17
Y1 - 2021/6/17
N2 - Free (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were investigated on size-resolved samples of nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles generated during controlled laboratory experiments. Compared to seawater, the amino acids were strongly enriched on the SSA particles. The enrichment factors (EFaer) on submicron SSA particles (EFaer∑FAA: 2.5 × 106 and EFaer∑CAA: 7.9 × 105) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than on supermicron ones (EFaer∑FAA: 1.0 × 105 and EFaer∑CAA: 7.3 × 104) and continuously increased toward smaller SSA particles. Molecular-level analysis showed that the more polar the FAAs, the more they are enriched on the SSA particles (especially FAAs with polar acid side chains, e.g., aspartic acid: EFaer of 5.8 × 106). Comparison of the amino acids present on nascent SSA with those present on ambient marine aerosol particles revealed a higher complexity of the amino acids of the nascent SSA, suggesting that atmospheric processes likely reduce the amino acid diversity. In addition, our results highlight that although almost all the amino acids studied are transferred to the atmosphere via bubble bursting under controlled conditions, two amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine likely have additional sources to the atmosphere. GABA is likely formed on ambient marine submicron aerosol particles to a large extent (35-47% of ∑FAA). Glycine likely originates from long-range transport processes or photochemical reactions, as discussed in the literature; however, our results highlight the potential for a direct oceanic source via bubble bursting (∼20% of ∑FAA). Overall, bubble-bursting-derived total amino acids made up 11-18% of the mass of dissolved organic carbon on the submicron SSA particles.
AB - Free (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were investigated on size-resolved samples of nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles generated during controlled laboratory experiments. Compared to seawater, the amino acids were strongly enriched on the SSA particles. The enrichment factors (EFaer) on submicron SSA particles (EFaer∑FAA: 2.5 × 106 and EFaer∑CAA: 7.9 × 105) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than on supermicron ones (EFaer∑FAA: 1.0 × 105 and EFaer∑CAA: 7.3 × 104) and continuously increased toward smaller SSA particles. Molecular-level analysis showed that the more polar the FAAs, the more they are enriched on the SSA particles (especially FAAs with polar acid side chains, e.g., aspartic acid: EFaer of 5.8 × 106). Comparison of the amino acids present on nascent SSA with those present on ambient marine aerosol particles revealed a higher complexity of the amino acids of the nascent SSA, suggesting that atmospheric processes likely reduce the amino acid diversity. In addition, our results highlight that although almost all the amino acids studied are transferred to the atmosphere via bubble bursting under controlled conditions, two amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine likely have additional sources to the atmosphere. GABA is likely formed on ambient marine submicron aerosol particles to a large extent (35-47% of ∑FAA). Glycine likely originates from long-range transport processes or photochemical reactions, as discussed in the literature; however, our results highlight the potential for a direct oceanic source via bubble bursting (∼20% of ∑FAA). Overall, bubble-bursting-derived total amino acids made up 11-18% of the mass of dissolved organic carbon on the submicron SSA particles.
KW - air-sea interaction
KW - amino acids
KW - enrichment factor
KW - organic matter
KW - sea spray aerosol chamber
KW - transfer
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85108361079&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00080
DO - 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00080
M3 - Article
SN - 2472-3452
VL - 5
SP - 1564
EP - 1574
JO - ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
JF - ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
IS - 6
ER -