Sappinia spp.: An update

Sappinia is a free-living amoeba isolated from soil, dead plant material, freshwater, ponds, water supplies, surface water and the faecal material of various organisms such as cows, bats, reptiles, King penguin, and even humans. Of note, Sappinia was reported to be the causative agent in a case of non-granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, in an immunocompetent male. Since only one case has been described, there is not much information regarding the pathogenesis of Sappinia. Nonetheless, the rise in temperatures accompanying global warming is predicted to increase numbers of infections caused by free-living amoebae, and this may include Sappinia. Worryingly, Sappinia has also been reported to harbour fungal and bacterial endosymbionts. Since little is known about the pathogenesis of Sappinia and its species, prospective studies should focus on deducing its pathology. Additionally, Sappinia should be inspected for harbouring any bacteria or fungi of medical relevance to humans. Herein, we review the taxonomy, biology, ecological distribution, etiology, and pathogenesis of Sappinia. Prospective studies should be focused on Sappinia as well as other free-living amoebae, comprising their pathogenesis, and in developing preventative methods as well as treatments. This is especially important, given the rise in water shortages globally and reliance of storing water in tanks, where such microorganisms may propagate.