Robot Gaze Can Mediate Participation Imbalance in Groups with Different Skill Levels

Many small group activities, like working teams or study groups, have a high dependency on the skill of each group member. Differences in skill level among participants can afect not only the performance of a team, but also infuence the social interaction of its members. In these circumstances, an active member could balance individual participation without exerting direct pressure on specifc members by using indirect means of communication, such as gaze behaviors. Similarly, in this study, we evaluate whether a social robot can balance the level of participation in a language skill-dependent game, played by a native speaker and a second language learner. In a between-subjects study (N = 72), we compared an adaptive robot gaze behavior, that was targeted to increase the level of contribution of the least active player, with a non-adaptive gaze behavior. Our results imply that, while overall levels of speech participation were infuenced predominantly by personal traits of the participants, the robot's adaptive gaze behavior could shape the interaction among participants which lead to more even participation during the game.