Recent Advances on Carbon Nanostructure-Based Biosensors

Carbon-based nanostructured materials have derived substantial attention as novel functional materials towards the fabrication of various biosensing platforms owing to their interesting physicochemical and optoelectronic properties, as well as desired surface functionalities. These nanomaterials provide increased and oriented immobilization of biomolecules along with maintaining their biological activity in view of their lower cytotoxicity and higher biocompatibility. The integration of carbon nanomaterials with biosensing platforms has provided new opportunities and paved the way for the efficient detection of various biomolecules and analytes. These nanostructured materials-based biosensors have improved biosensing characteristics, including broader linear detection range, lower detection limit, better selectivity, and higher sensitivity. This chapter summarizes the results of different electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors related to various nanostructured carbon materials, namely carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and its derivatives (reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene oxide (GO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon dots (CDs).