@inproceedings{caf71b5763f646b89a1dee5adc499155,
title = "Rapid single-photon 3D imaging in highly scattering underwater environments",
abstract = "We demonstrated a transceiver system for underwater three-dimensional imaging, based on a 64 ×32 macro-pixel direct time-of-flight (dToF) SPAD detector array fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The sensor featured integrated multi-event time-to-digital converters (METDC) per macro-pixel, and operated in a time-gated mode which allowed the improved rejection of the backscattering from the signal return. The performance of the system was assessed in a controlled underwater environment, utilizing a moving target placed in a water tank at a stand-off distance of 1.45 m in water. The system demonstrated rapid 3D imaging by using short acquisition times of 1 ms, which corresponds to a frame rate of 1000 fps. Depth and intensity profiles were obtained at attenuation levels equivalent up to 5.5 attenuation lengths between the transceiver and the target, and using average optical power of up to 32 mW.",
keywords = "CMOS SPAD, rapid imaging, scattering, single-photon, Underwater imaging",
author = "Rui Zhang and {Mora Martin}, Germ{\'a}n and Alistair Gorman and Henderson, {Robert K.} and Buller, {Gerald S.} and Istvan Gyongy and Aurora Maccarone",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 SPIE.; Security + Defence 2024 ; Conference date: 17-09-2024 Through 19-09-2024",
year = "2024",
month = nov,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1117/12.3030968",
language = "English",
isbn = "9781510681163",
series = "Proceedings of SPIE",
publisher = "SPIE",
editor = "Buller, {Gerald S.} and Lamb, {Robert A.} and Martin Laurenzis",
booktitle = "Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies for Security and Defence IX",
address = "United States",
}