On exceedance times for some processes with dependent increments

Let {Z}>o be a random walk with a negative drift and independent and identically distributed increments with heavy-tailed distribution, and let M = sup>0 Zn be its supremum. Asmussen and Kliippelberg (1996) considered the behavior of the random walk given that M > x for large x, and obtained a limit theorem, as x → oo, for the distribution of the quadruple that includes the time x - T(X) to exceed level x, position ZT at this time, position ZT i at the prior time, and the trajectory up to it (similar results were obtained for the Cramer-Lundberg insurance risk process). We obtain here several extensions of this result to various regenerative-type models and, in particular, to the case of a random walk with dependent increments. Particular attention is given to describing the limiting conditional behavior of T. The class of models includes Markov-modulated models as particular cases. We also study fluid models, the Bjork-Grandell risk process, give examples where the order of x is genuinely different from the random walk case, and discuss which growth rates are possible. Our proofs are purely probabilistic and are based on results and ideas from Asmussen, Schmidli and Schmidt (1999), Foss and Zachary (2002), and Foss, Konstantopoulos and Zachary (2007).