Long-term Strategy Optimization of Scale Squeeze Treatment in a Carbonate Reservoir Under CO₂-WAG Water-Alternating-Gas Injection

The objective of this study is to design a series of squeeze treatments for 20 years of production of a Brazilian pre-salt carbonate reservoir analogue, minimizing the cost of scale inhibition strategy. CO₂-WAG (Water-Alternating-Gas) injection is implemented in the reservoir to increase oil recovery, but it may also increase the risk of scale deposition. Dissolution of CaCO₃ as a consequence of pH decrease during the CO₂ injection may result in a higher risk of calcium carbonate precipitation in the production system. The deposits may occur at any location from production bottom-hole to surface facilities. Squeeze treatment is thought to be the most efficient technique to prevent CaCO₃ deposition in this reservoir. Therefore, the optimum WAG design for a quarter 5-spot model, with the maximum Net Present Value (NPV) and CO₂ storage volume identified from a reservoir optimization process, was considered as the basis for optimizing the squeeze treatment strategy, and the results were compared with those for a base-case waterflooding scenario. Gradient Descent algorithm was used to identify the optimum squeeze lifetime duration for the total lifecycle. The main objective of squeeze strategy optimization is to identify the frequency and lifetime of treatments, resulting in the lowest possible expenditure to achieve water protection over the well's lifecycle. The simulation results for the WAG case showed that the scale window elongates over the last 10 years of production after water breakthrough in the production well. Different squeeze target lifetimes, ranging from 0.5 to 6 million bbl of produced water were considered to optimize the lifetime duration. The optimum squeeze lifetime was identified as being 2 million bbl of protected water, which was implemented for the subsequent squeeze treatments. Based on the water production rate and saturation ratio over time, the optimum chemical deployment plan was calculated. The optimization results showed that seven squeeze treatments were needed to protect the production well in the WAG scenario, while ten treatments were necessary in the waterflooding case, due to the higher water rate in the production window. The novelty of this approach is the ability to optimize a series of squeeze treatment designs for a long-term production period. It adds valuable information at the Front-End Engineering and Design (FEED) stage in a field, where scale control may have a significant impact on the field's economic viability.