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Intermolecular Sp3C─H Metalation of Non‐Nucleophilic Brønsted Bases Using Simple Lewis Acids

  • Anna V. Schellbach
  • , Dominic R. Willcox
  • , Miriana Guarnaccia
  • , Gary S. Nichol
  • , Valerio Fasano
  • , Michael J. Ingleson*
  • *Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

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Abstract

2,6‐Di‐tert‐butyl substituted pyridines (tBu2‐py) are widely used non‐nucleophilic Brønsted bases. Their ubiquity is due to their highly hindered basic site and chemically robust nature. Herein we report that simple M2X6 Lewis acids (M═Al or Ga, X═Cl, Br or I) effect intermolecular sp3C─H metalation of t Bu2‐py bases under mild conditions. The sp3C─H metalated products can be converted in situ into ─BPin, ─iodo, ─bromo and ─hydroxy derivatives for further elaboration. Mechanistic investigations indicate that: i) a frustrated Lewis pair effects sp3C─H heterolysis to form the C─M bond and a protonated pyridine; ii) C─H metalation requires singly halide‐bridged super‐electrophilic M2X6 dimers for sufficiently low barriers. Finally, sp3C─H metalation using M2X6 is not limited to t Bu2‐py bases. Thus, it is important to be aware of this facile sp3C─H functionalisation when using a range of non‐nucleophilic Brønsted bases.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere202512254
JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition
Volume64
Issue number35
Early online date16 Jul 2025
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 25 Aug 2025

Keywords

  • Aluminium trichloride
  • C─H functionalisation
  • Frustrated Lewis Pairs
  • Lewis acids
  • Non-nucleophilic bases

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Catalysis
  • General Chemistry

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