Finding a petro-elastic model suitable for Sim2seis calculation

The petro-elastic model (PEM) is a necessary step in simulator to seismic modelling, intended to close the loop between the seismic and engineering domains. In this work, we discuss some fundamental issues within the conventional PEM algorithm, not commonly covered by published literature. Firstly, we explain the importance of the porosity rock model for the PEM. It is shown that both total/effective porosity models are able to generate satisfactory seismic results, provided that the density and bulk/shear moduli of the solid components are set correctly using an optimisation problem. We find the underlying connections between the simulation model parameterisation and the effective porosity model from the petrophysical domain. Finally, we discuss the effect of vertical upscaling on the seismic domain. We highlight the differences between property upscaling and reflectivity upscaling, and challenge the idea of developing a scale-dependent PEM based on Backus averaging. In addition to a sim2seis analysis, the results of this work have direct impact on seismic inversion via the PEM for pressure and saturation change or impedance change onto the reservoir grid. Keywords: PEM, rock porosity model, simulation model, effective porosity, total porosity, upscaling, Backus averaging, reflectivity upscaling.