Feasibility of 4D Seismic Monitoring for CO₂ Injection in Open Versus Closed Depleted Gas Fields: Goldeneye and Hamilton Fields

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology represents a critical strategy for mitigating global climate change by limiting temperature increase in line with the Paris Agreement. This study investigates the feasibility of 4D seismic monitoring for CO₂ injection in depleted gas fields, focusing on the Goldeneye field as an open system and the Hamilton field as a closed system in the North Sea. Through flow simulation-to-seismic (Sim2Seis) modeling, the research compares the effectiveness of 4D seismic monitoring techniques in different geological storage configurations. The investigation found that CO₂ injection into open systems demonstrates more pronounced seismic signal. Fluid contact movement within these systems generates substantially stronger and more discernible seismic signal along the fluid contact compared to closed systems. These findings provide critical insights for developing more effective monitoring strategies for carbon sequestration projects in different geological settings.