Experimentally validated heuristic models for submerged electromagnetic wave antennas

Application driven investigations for short range electromagnetic (EM) wave communications in dissipative media have led to a range of heuristic models capable of predicting near- and far-field electric and magnetic field distributions. In the search for appropriate models classic papers were studied, such as those relating to submarine communications, and the rich history of subsea EM wave analysis and experimentation dating from 1853 was investigated. An alternative approach was developed, however, since the author required simpler EM models which could readily be adapted to practical variations in particular styles of antenna. As a consequence, a heuristic approach to modelling was adopted. The form of analysis which emerged had the following general pattern: (1) identify the geometry of a significant radiating structure; (2) represent the structure by a group of line or loop elements; and (3) compute the 2D or 3D electric and magnetic fields by superposition of elemental components. Long line, multiple long line, phased line array, large rectangular loop, small circular loop, surface contour 2D and 3D dielectric patch, and helical antennas have all been analyzed using this approach, and the approximate models derived have been examined experimentally over limited ranges, indicating order-of-magnitude validity.