Evaluating the CO2 Injection Seismic Modeling Outcomes: a Study of the Goldeneye, Hamilton, and Viking Fields

This paper compares the seismic modelling results of CO2 injection into the Goldeneye, Hamilton, and Viking fields in the North Sea. These three fields were selected as they have been awarded carbon storage licenses by the North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA). The fluid modelling in this study is an update from the previous Sim2Seis study which includes the computation of elastic properties of the hydrocarbon gas and CO2 mixture. This honours the observations from the output of the dynamic reservoir models. In this study, we explore that 4D seismic monitoring of CO2 injection into depleted gas fields is feasible especially when one observes gas encroachment into the aquifer or displacement of water egress into the reservoir. Although the 4D signal is readily observable at the fluid contact but it is complex in nature and requires simulation studies to understand properly.