Engineered MOF-Enzyme Nanocomposites for Tumor Microenvironment-Activated Photodynamic Therapy with Self-Luminescence and Oxygen Self-Supply

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, its efficiency is hindered by three key parameters, namely, limited penetration depth of external light, tumor hypoxia, and self-aggregation of photosensitizers. Herein, we fabricated a novel “all-in-one” chemiluminescence-PDT nanosystem through the integration of an oxygen-supplying protein (hemoglobin, Hb) and a luminescent donor (luminol, Lum) in hierarchically engineered mesoporous porphyrinic metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles. Mechanistically, the in situ chemiluminescence of Lum is activated by the high concentration of H₂O₂ in 4T1 cancer cells and further catalyzed by Hb and then absorbed by the porphyrin ligands in MOF nanoparticles through chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer. The excited porphyrins then sensitize oxygen supplied by Hb to produce sufficient reactive oxygen species that kill cancer cells. The MOF-based nanocomposite demonstrates excellent anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo, with eventually a 68.1% tumor inhibition rate after intravenous injections without external light irradiation. This self-illuminating, oxygen-self-supplying nanosystem integrates all essential components of PDT into one simple nanoplatform, demonstrating great potential for the selective phototherapy of deep-seated cancer.