Dynamic risk assessment of tower crane operations by integrating functional resonance analysis method and Bayesian network

Tower cranes are vital to modern construction but pose significant safety risks. While existing studies primarily focus on risk identification and evaluation, they often neglect the complex interactions and dynamics of these risks. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for understanding tower crane operation risks by integrating the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) with Bayesian Network (BN). The FRAM model identifies key functions and their interdependencies, which are analyzed through Monte Carlo simulations. The results are transformed into BN nodes, forming a network that employs Bayesian inference to assess the overall risk level. The framework was validated in a real-world construction project, where it revealed that the tower crane operations were generally safe, with critical focus areas identified as “Tower Crane Components,” “Tower Crane Installation Acceptance,” and “Slings and Hoisting Objects.” By combining both static and dynamic data, this framework enhances risk assessment and contributes to safer construction practices.