TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of Porous Epoxy Micro-Beads Using Ammonium Bicarbonate through a Single Epoxy Droplet in Corn Oil
AU - Leemsuthep, Anusha
AU - Zakaria, Zunaida
AU - Tanrattanakul, Varaporn
AU - Ramarad, Suganti
AU - Muniyadi, Mathialagan
AU - Jaruga, Tomasz
AU - Munusamy, Yamuna
AU - Wnuk, Izabela
AU - Pietrusiewicz, Paweł
N1 - Funding Information:
The author would like to thank University Malaysia Perlis for providing ma-chinery and equipment involved in this research. We would also like to thank the technicians of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology for their cooperation and assistance in performing experiments during this research. The author would also like to thank Geopolymer and Green Tech-nology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech) for sponsoring this publication. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the Department of Physics and Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Cz?stochowa University of Technology, Cz?stochowa, Poland.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/5/1
Y1 - 2021/5/1
N2 - This paper explored the effects of ammonium bicarbonate and different ratios of epoxy to polyamide on the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads through a single epoxy droplet. A single drop of a mixture, consisting of epoxy, polyamide, and ammonium bicarbonate, was dropped into heated corn oil at a temperature of 100 °C. An epoxy droplet was formed due to the immiscibility of the epoxy mixture and corn oil. The ammonium bicarbonate within this droplet underwent a decomposition reaction, while the epoxy and polyamide underwent a curing reaction, to form porous epoxy micro-beads. The result showed that the higher ammonium bicarbonate content in the porous, epoxy micro-beads increased the decomposition rate up to 11.52 × 10−3 cm3/s. In addition, a higher total volume of gas was generated when a higher ammonium bicarbonate content was decomposed. This led to the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads with a smaller particle size, lower specific gravity, and better thermal stability. At an epoxy to polyamide ratio of 10:6, many smaller micro-beads, with particle sizes ranging from 201 to 400 μm, were obtained at an ammonium bicarbonate content of 10 phr. Moreover, the porous epoxy micro-beads with open pores were shown to have a low specific gravity of about 0.93 and high thermal stability at a high ammonium bicarbonate content. Based on the findings, it was concluded that porous epoxy micro-beads were successfully produced using a single epoxy droplet in heated corn oil, where their shape and particle size depended on the content of ammonium bicarbonate and the ratio of epoxy to polyamide used.
AB - This paper explored the effects of ammonium bicarbonate and different ratios of epoxy to polyamide on the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads through a single epoxy droplet. A single drop of a mixture, consisting of epoxy, polyamide, and ammonium bicarbonate, was dropped into heated corn oil at a temperature of 100 °C. An epoxy droplet was formed due to the immiscibility of the epoxy mixture and corn oil. The ammonium bicarbonate within this droplet underwent a decomposition reaction, while the epoxy and polyamide underwent a curing reaction, to form porous epoxy micro-beads. The result showed that the higher ammonium bicarbonate content in the porous, epoxy micro-beads increased the decomposition rate up to 11.52 × 10−3 cm3/s. In addition, a higher total volume of gas was generated when a higher ammonium bicarbonate content was decomposed. This led to the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads with a smaller particle size, lower specific gravity, and better thermal stability. At an epoxy to polyamide ratio of 10:6, many smaller micro-beads, with particle sizes ranging from 201 to 400 μm, were obtained at an ammonium bicarbonate content of 10 phr. Moreover, the porous epoxy micro-beads with open pores were shown to have a low specific gravity of about 0.93 and high thermal stability at a high ammonium bicarbonate content. Based on the findings, it was concluded that porous epoxy micro-beads were successfully produced using a single epoxy droplet in heated corn oil, where their shape and particle size depended on the content of ammonium bicarbonate and the ratio of epoxy to polyamide used.
KW - Blowing agent
KW - Decomposition gas
KW - Emulsion
KW - Stoichiometry
KW - Thermal stability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105676643&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ma14092282
DO - 10.3390/ma14092282
M3 - Article
C2 - 33924997
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 14
JO - Materials
JF - Materials
IS - 9
M1 - 2282
ER -