Custom-Technology Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Linear Detector Array for Underwater Depth Imaging

Aurora Maccarone; Giulia Acconcia; Ulrich Steinlehner; Ivan Labanca; Darryl Newborough; Ivan Rech; Gerald Stuart Buller

doi:10.3390/s21144850

Custom-Technology Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Linear Detector Array for Underwater Depth Imaging

Aurora Maccarone, Giulia Acconcia, Ulrich Steinlehner, Ivan Labanca, Darryl Newborough, Ivan Rech, Gerald Stuart Buller

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Abstract

We present an optical depth imaging system suitable for highly scattering underwater environments. The system used the time correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technique and the time-of-flight approach to obtain depth profiles. The single-photon detection was provided by a linear array of single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors fabricated in a customized silicon fabrication technology for optimized efficiency, dark count rate, and jitter performance. The bistatic transceiver comprised a pulsed laser diode source with central wavelength 670 nm, a linear array of 16 × 1 Si- SPAD detectors, with a dedicated TCSPC acquisition module. Cylindrical lenses were used to collect the light scattered by the target and image it onto the sensor. These laboratory-based experiments demonstrated single photon depth imaging at a range of 1.65 m in highly scattering conditions, equivalent up to 8.3 attenuation lengths between the system and the target, using average optical powers of up to 15 mW. The depth and spatial resolution of this sensor were investigated in different scattering conditions.

Original language	English
Article number	4850
Journal	Sensors
Volume	21
Issue number	14
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144850
Publication status	Published - 16 Jul 2021

Keywords

3D imaging
Custom technology
LIDAR
SPAD
Single-photon
TCSPC
Underwater imaging

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Analytical Chemistry
Information Systems
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Biochemistry
Instrumentation
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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title = "Custom-Technology Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Linear Detector Array for Underwater Depth Imaging",

abstract = "We present an optical depth imaging system suitable for highly scattering underwater environments. The system used the time correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technique and the time-of-flight approach to obtain depth profiles. The single-photon detection was provided by a linear array of single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors fabricated in a customized silicon fabrication technology for optimized efficiency, dark count rate, and jitter performance. The bistatic transceiver comprised a pulsed laser diode source with central wavelength 670 nm, a linear array of 16 × 1 Si- SPAD detectors, with a dedicated TCSPC acquisition module. Cylindrical lenses were used to collect the light scattered by the target and image it onto the sensor. These laboratory-based experiments demonstrated single photon depth imaging at a range of 1.65 m in highly scattering conditions, equivalent up to 8.3 attenuation lengths between the system and the target, using average optical powers of up to 15 mW. The depth and spatial resolution of this sensor were investigated in different scattering conditions.",

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AU - Newborough, Darryl

AU - Rech, Ivan

AU - Buller, Gerald Stuart

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Custom-Technology Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Linear Detector Array for Underwater Depth Imaging

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