@article{2c937c83d41249dea2fb7bb24116b5ae,
title = "Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation",
abstract = "The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3–2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264–3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analog for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric pCO2. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.",
keywords = "climate proxies, data synthesis, paleoceanography, paleoclimate",
author = "McClymont, {E. L.} and Ho, {S. L.} and Ford, {H. L.} and I. Bailey and Berke, {M. A.} and Bolton, {C. T.} and {De Schepper}, S. and Grant, {G. R.} and J. Groeneveld and Inglis, {G. N.} and C. Karas and Patterson, {M. O.} and Swann, {G. E. A.} and K. Thirumalai and White, {S. M.} and M. Alonso-Garcia and P. Anand and Hoogakker, {B. A. A.} and K. Littler and Petrick, {B. F.} and B. Risebrobakken and Abell, {J. T.} and Crocker, {A. J.} and {de Graaf}, F. and Feakins, {S. J.} and Hargreaves, {J. C.} and Jones, {C. L.} and M. Markowska and Ratnayake, {A. S.} and C. Stepanek and D. Tangunan",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the Past Global Changes (PAGES) programme for their financial and logistical support of the working group on Pliocene Climate Variability over glacial-interglacial timescales (PlioVAR), and we thank all workshop participants and members of the PlioVAR steering committee for their discussions. Funding support has also been provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (PA, HLF [NE/N015045/1]), the Leverhulme Trust (Philip Leverhulme Prize, ELM), the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan (SLH, Grants 110-2611-M-002-028-, 111-2611-M-002-027-), MICIN (MAG, the Grant PICTURE, PID2021-128322NB-I00), a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (GNI, DHF\R1\191178), the Research Council of Norway (BR, Grant 221712), the German Research Foundation (JG, project DePac—GR 3528/8-1), the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n y Desarrollo, Anillo (CK, Grant ACT210046), the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (CK, Grant DICYT 092112KSSA), a UKRI Future Leaderships Fellowship (BH, MR/S034293/1), the USA National Science Foundation (JA, Grant NSF-OCE-PRF #2126500) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (CTB, ANR-16-CE01-0004) and the IODP in the UK (PA) and France (CTB). This research used samples and/or data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). We also acknowledge PANGAEA and the NOAA Paleoclimatology databases for free access to published data. The work presented here resulted from the efforts of the late Antoni Rosell-Mel{\'e} to generate a community effort to facilitate a better understanding of Pliocene and Pleistocene climate evolution: we thank him for all of his work and enthusiasm getting PlioVAR up and running, and for contributing to our discussions and assessments over the years that followed. Funding Information: We thank the Past Global Changes (PAGES) programme for their financial and logistical support of the working group on Pliocene Climate Variability over glacial‐interglacial timescales (PlioVAR), and we thank all workshop participants and members of the PlioVAR steering committee for their discussions. Funding support has also been provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (PA, HLF [NE/N015045/1]), the Leverhulme Trust (Philip Leverhulme Prize, ELM), the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan (SLH, Grants 110‐2611‐M‐002‐028‐, 111‐2611‐M‐002‐027‐), MICIN (MAG, the Grant PICTURE, PID2021‐128322NB‐I00), a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (GNI, DHF\R1\191178), the Research Council of Norway (BR, Grant 221712), the German Research Foundation (JG, project DePac—GR 3528/8‐1), the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n y Desarrollo, Anillo (CK, Grant ACT210046), the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (CK, Grant DICYT 092112KSSA), a UKRI Future Leaderships Fellowship (BH, MR/S034293/1), the USA National Science Foundation (JA, Grant NSF‐OCE‐PRF #2126500) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (CTB, ANR‐16‐CE01‐0004) and the IODP in the UK (PA) and France (CTB). This research used samples and/or data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). We also acknowledge PANGAEA and the NOAA Paleoclimatology databases for free access to published data. The work presented here resulted from the efforts of the late Antoni Rosell‐Mel{\'e} to generate a community effort to facilitate a better understanding of Pliocene and Pleistocene climate evolution: we thank him for all of his work and enthusiasm getting PlioVAR up and running, and for contributing to our discussions and assessments over the years that followed. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023. The Authors.",
year = "2023",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1029/2022RG000793",
language = "English",
volume = "61",
journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
issn = "8755-1209",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",
number = "3",
}
