Application of Functional Nanotextiles in Military and Defence

The advancement of military textiles through nanotechnology has significantly enhanced protective capabilities, particularly in ballistic, chemical, and biological defence applications. Traditional body armour, while effective, is often heavy and restrictive. By incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and high-performance textile nanocomposites, modern protective textiles achieve superior impact resistance while maintaining flexibility and reducing weight. This chapter explores the role of nanotechnology in ballistic protection, focusing on nanocomposite materials and their impact absorption mechanisms. Various inorganic and organic nanofillers, including graphene, silica nanoparticles, and polymer nanocomposites, have been investigated for their ability to improve mechanical properties and performance in combat scenarios. Additionally, the development of non-Newtonian polymer materials synthesized from silica nanoparticles and polyethylene glycol has demonstrated promising results in enhancing impact resistance. When applied to high performance body armour fabrics, these smart materials exhibit significant improvements in tensile strength and energy absorption. Furthermore, hybrid composite armours, including aluminum foam impregnated with shear-thickening fluids, have been explored for their potential to improve ballistic protection. Beyond ballistic resistance, the chapter examines advancements in textiles designed for chemical and biological protection. Functional nanotextiles integrate nanomaterials such as activated carbon, metal oxides, and silver nanoparticles to create protective barriers against chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and biological warfare agents (BWAs). These textiles leverage adsorption, absorption, and nanostructured coatings to enhance protection while ensuring breathability and comfort. The development of military bio-suits with self-decontaminating properties and multilayered composite structures further exemplifies the integration of nanotechnology in defence textiles. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of cutting-edge research and technological innovations in protective military textiles, highlighting their potential applications in defence and security. The integration of nanotechnology in protective gear represents a transformative approach to improving soldier safety and operational efficiency in hostile environments.