Abstract
The stability of Au/Al2O3 in the continuous gas phase (423K) hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) to p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) has been investigated over an inlet H2/p-CNB=4-390, i.e. from close to stoichiometry to H2 far in excess. The catalyst (activated unused and spent) has been characterised with respect to specific surface area (SSA)/porosity, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), powder XRD, H2 chemisorption, STEM, XPS, elemental analysis and TGA-DSC measurements. Activation of Au/Al2O3 by TPR in hydrogen generated a narrow Au size distribution (1-8nm, mean=3.6nm) with evidence (from XPS) of (support→metal) charge transfer to generate surface Auδ-. Exclusive p-CAN production was achieved under conditions of kinetic control, which were established by parameter estimation and experimental variation of contact time, catalyst particle size and p-CNB/catalyst ratio. A temporal decline in activity was observed that was more pronounced at H2/p-CNB ≤39. The spent catalyst exhibited equivalent SSA/porosity, Au particle size (from STEM) and electronic character (from XPS) relative to activated unused Au/Al2O3. A significant carbon content (6.3% w/w) was determined from elemental analysis and confirmed by XPS and TGA-DSC. This carbon deposit hindered H2 chemisorption under reaction conditions, leading to suppressed hydrogenation activity. Catalyst regeneration by oxidative/reductive treatment resulted in a restoration of the initial hydrogenation activity, retaining exclusive selectivity to p-CAN.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 695-704 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Chemical Engineering Journal |
Volume | 255 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Nov 2014 |
Keywords
- Catalyst deactivation and regeneration
- Hydrogen partial pressure
- P-Chloroaniline
- P-Chloronitrobenzene
- Selective gas phase hydrogenation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemical Engineering(all)
- Chemistry(all)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Environmental Chemistry
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Fernando Cardenas-Lizana
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences - Assistant Professor
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering - Assistant Professor
Person: Academic (Research & Teaching)