TY - JOUR
T1 - Alternative options for dealing with automation failures
T2 - Automated stopping vs. Taking over manual control
AU - Butmee, Totsapon
AU - Lansdown, Terry C.
AU - Walker, Guy H.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was undertaken at the Driving Simulator Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University. The authors would like to thank Dr Ioannis Argyropoulos for his assistance in implementing the simulator scenarios and other support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
PY - 2022/7
Y1 - 2022/7
N2 - Previous research has investigated the driver’s ability to resume control after an automation failure. This study considers situation criticality, safety and difficulty between take-over and automated stop scenarios. Findings are reported of an experimental study investigating different strategies to take back control of an automated road vehicle. The study had a mixed factorial design with automation being the between-participants factor with two levels, SAE Level 1 vs. SAE Level 3. Urgency (High vs Low) and Take-Over Mode (Manual, Automated Stop) were the within participants factors. Dependent variables were: i) Minimum Time-to-Collision (TTC), ii) Self-reported Situation Criticality and Perceived Safety and iii) Percentage of Gazes to [the] Road Centre. Overall, 36 participants took part, with half assigned to either level of the Automation factor. The automated driving experience was designed to fail during participation. This required the driver to take-over manual control or have the system bring the vehicle to an automated stop. Results revealed that during manual take-over of control, measures of time-to-collision, perceived criticality and safety were worse and fixations to the forward view increased when compared to the Automated stop condition. Manual take-over of control in a high-urgency situation revealed higher criticality (shorter time-to-collision and lower perceived safety) and more difficulty (increasing fixations to the road centre) than in a low-urgency situation. The study points to an automated stopping manoeuvre being the preferable strategy to manual take-over of control.
AB - Previous research has investigated the driver’s ability to resume control after an automation failure. This study considers situation criticality, safety and difficulty between take-over and automated stop scenarios. Findings are reported of an experimental study investigating different strategies to take back control of an automated road vehicle. The study had a mixed factorial design with automation being the between-participants factor with two levels, SAE Level 1 vs. SAE Level 3. Urgency (High vs Low) and Take-Over Mode (Manual, Automated Stop) were the within participants factors. Dependent variables were: i) Minimum Time-to-Collision (TTC), ii) Self-reported Situation Criticality and Perceived Safety and iii) Percentage of Gazes to [the] Road Centre. Overall, 36 participants took part, with half assigned to either level of the Automation factor. The automated driving experience was designed to fail during participation. This required the driver to take-over manual control or have the system bring the vehicle to an automated stop. Results revealed that during manual take-over of control, measures of time-to-collision, perceived criticality and safety were worse and fixations to the forward view increased when compared to the Automated stop condition. Manual take-over of control in a high-urgency situation revealed higher criticality (shorter time-to-collision and lower perceived safety) and more difficulty (increasing fixations to the road centre) than in a low-urgency situation. The study points to an automated stopping manoeuvre being the preferable strategy to manual take-over of control.
KW - Automation
KW - Criticality
KW - Difficulty
KW - Failure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131434835&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.007
DO - 10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.007
M3 - Article
SN - 1369-8478
VL - 88
SP - 248
EP - 257
JO - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
ER -