TY - JOUR
T1 - A Simple Model for a Fast Forewarning System of Brown Tide in the Coastal Waters of Qinhuangdao in the Bohai Sea, China
AU - Wang, Jie
AU - Kuang, Cuiping
AU - Ou, Linjian
AU - Zhang, Qingchun
AU - Qin, Rufu
AU - Fan, Jiadong
AU - Zou, Qingping
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China, under contract no. 2019YFC1407900, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under contract no. 41976159.We are sincerely grateful to the Eighth Geological Brigade of the Hebei Geological Prospecting Bureau for supporting the fieldwork and measured data for the model validation. The last author has been supported by NERC, grant NE/V006088/1.
Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China, under contract no. 2019YFC1407900, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under contract no. 41976159.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: We are sincerely grateful to the Eighth Geological Brigade of the Hebei Geological Prospecting Bureau for supporting the fieldwork and measured data for the model validation. The last author has been supported by NERC, grant NE/V006088/1.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/7/1
Y1 - 2022/7/1
N2 - Qinhuangdao, a famous coastal resort city in northeastern China, has been affected by the rapid growth of harmful algae. The brown tide induced by Aureococcus anophagefferens (A. anophagefferens) first occurred along Qinhuangdao’s coastline in 2009, and it then developed into a harmful alga for the Bohai Sea. Based on MIKE 21, we construct a 2D coupled hydrodynamic and transport model to study the variation and distribution of total nitrogen (TN), and establish the relationship between A. anophagefferens, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and TN to provide a fast forewarning system for brown tide in Qinhuangdao. This model considers the decay, diffusion, and settling of TN, and the model results are in good agreement with the measured tidal level, current, and TN, indicating that the model is capable of capturing the observed TN distribution during the brown tide period. The transfer function relating TN to A. anophagefferens leads to a reliable fast forewarning and monitoring system. Moreover, the transferred A. anophagefferens cell density can be used to forecast the regional risk level of brown tide with a specific color indicator. The implementation of national policy relating to marine ecosystems decreases the nearshore concentration of N, P, and other nutrients, and therefore decreases harmful algal blooms. The fast routine assessment of brown tide by the present warning system provides robust guidance for the government to take action.
AB - Qinhuangdao, a famous coastal resort city in northeastern China, has been affected by the rapid growth of harmful algae. The brown tide induced by Aureococcus anophagefferens (A. anophagefferens) first occurred along Qinhuangdao’s coastline in 2009, and it then developed into a harmful alga for the Bohai Sea. Based on MIKE 21, we construct a 2D coupled hydrodynamic and transport model to study the variation and distribution of total nitrogen (TN), and establish the relationship between A. anophagefferens, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and TN to provide a fast forewarning system for brown tide in Qinhuangdao. This model considers the decay, diffusion, and settling of TN, and the model results are in good agreement with the measured tidal level, current, and TN, indicating that the model is capable of capturing the observed TN distribution during the brown tide period. The transfer function relating TN to A. anophagefferens leads to a reliable fast forewarning and monitoring system. Moreover, the transferred A. anophagefferens cell density can be used to forecast the regional risk level of brown tide with a specific color indicator. The implementation of national policy relating to marine ecosystems decreases the nearshore concentration of N, P, and other nutrients, and therefore decreases harmful algal blooms. The fast routine assessment of brown tide by the present warning system provides robust guidance for the government to take action.
KW - Aureococcus anophagefferens
KW - Bohai Sea
KW - brown tide
KW - forewarning system
KW - harmful algal bloom (HAB)
KW - hydrodynamic and transport model
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133368156&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/app12136477
DO - 10.3390/app12136477
M3 - Article
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 12
JO - Applied Sciences
JF - Applied Sciences
IS - 13
M1 - 6477
ER -