TY - CHAP
T1 - 3D Graphene Structures for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues
AU - Tee, Wan Ting
AU - Loh, Nicholas Yung Li
AU - Hiew, Billie Yan Zhang
AU - Lee, Lai Yee
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, FRGS/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/02/2.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2023/7/21
Y1 - 2023/7/21
N2 - Graphene nanomaterials have great potential applications in treating wastewater containing pharmaceutical residues due to their extraordinary physicochemical and adsorption properties. Despite being present in minute amounts in the aquatic environment, pharmaceutical residues can cause various health and environmental risks owing to their non-biodegradability, bioaccumulative and toxicity features. Hence, it is extremely vital to control the concentration of pharmaceutical residues in water resources. Notably, three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures have emerged as innovative adsorbents with fortified adsorption properties such as super-large theoretical surface area, abundant functional groups, and the capability to preserve the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials at a macroscopic level. In this chapter, the classification and main sources of pharmaceutical pollution are discussed. Thereafter, the principles and advantages of adsorption for pharmaceutical removal are covered. This chapter further evaluates the performance of primary 3D graphene structures, namely graphene aerogel, hydrogel, and beads, in relation to pharmaceutical adsorption. The synthesis methods and adsorption mechanisms of pharmaceutical residues by 3D graphene structures are assayed. Lastly, the challenges and outlook of 3D graphene structures in pharmaceutical adsorption are presented.
AB - Graphene nanomaterials have great potential applications in treating wastewater containing pharmaceutical residues due to their extraordinary physicochemical and adsorption properties. Despite being present in minute amounts in the aquatic environment, pharmaceutical residues can cause various health and environmental risks owing to their non-biodegradability, bioaccumulative and toxicity features. Hence, it is extremely vital to control the concentration of pharmaceutical residues in water resources. Notably, three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures have emerged as innovative adsorbents with fortified adsorption properties such as super-large theoretical surface area, abundant functional groups, and the capability to preserve the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials at a macroscopic level. In this chapter, the classification and main sources of pharmaceutical pollution are discussed. Thereafter, the principles and advantages of adsorption for pharmaceutical removal are covered. This chapter further evaluates the performance of primary 3D graphene structures, namely graphene aerogel, hydrogel, and beads, in relation to pharmaceutical adsorption. The synthesis methods and adsorption mechanisms of pharmaceutical residues by 3D graphene structures are assayed. Lastly, the challenges and outlook of 3D graphene structures in pharmaceutical adsorption are presented.
KW - 3D graphene structures
KW - Adsorption
KW - Graphene
KW - Pharmaceutical residues
KW - Wastewater treatment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85165954164&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/978-3-031-36249-1_11
DO - 10.1007/978-3-031-36249-1_11
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:85165954164
SN - 978-3-031-36251-4
SN - 978-3-031-36248-4
T3 - Carbon Nanostructures
SP - 189
EP - 206
BT - 3D Graphene
A2 - Gupta, Ram K.
PB - Springer
ER -